|
|
Pipe Absolute Roughness and
Hazen-Williams C
Source:
*
"Flow of Fluid through Valves, Fittings, and Pipes", Technical
Paper No. 410, Crane Co., New York, 1985.
**
"Piping Handbook", Nayyar, Mohinder L., Editor in Chief, Sixth
Ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1992.
|
|
Recommended |
Absolute
Roughness
 |
Hazen-Williams C |
|
Pipe or Tubing Material |
feet |
inches |
|
|
Drawn
Tubing |
0.000
005 * |
0.000 06 |
140 |
|
Teflon, PTFE; PFA-PTFE |
0.000
005 |
0.000 06 |
140
** |
|
High
Density Polyethylene, PVDF; PVC; etc |
0.000
07 |
0.000 84 |
140
** |
|
Epoxy
Coated Steel |
0.000
025 |
0.000 3 |
140 |
|
New
API Line Pipe |
0.000
0582 |
0.000 7 |
140 |
|
Commercial Steel |
0.000
15 * |
0.001 8 |
140
** |
|
Stainless Steel |
0.000
15 |
0.001 8 |
140
** |
|
Asphalt Coated Cast Iron |
0.000
4 * |
0.004 8 |
140 |
|
Galvanized Iron |
0.000
5 * |
0.006 |
130 |
|
Cast
Iron |
0.000
85 * |
0.010 2 |
120
** |
|
Wood
Stave |
0.003
to 0.000 6 * |
0.036 to 0.0072 |
120 |
|
Concrete |
0.01
to 0.001 * |
0.12 to 0.012 |
130 to 120 |
|
Riveted Steel |
0.03
to 0.003 * |
0.36 to 0.036 |
110 |
PTFE=
poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
PFA=poly(fluoroalkoxy)
PVC=poly(vinyl
chloride)
PVDF=poly(vinylidene
fluoride)
Darcy Friction Factor at
Complete Turbulence
New
Commercial Steel Pipe
Source:
"Flow of Fluid through Valves, Fittings, and Pipes", Technical
Paper No. 410, Crane Co., New York, 1985.
|
Nominal Size |
1/2" |
3/4" |
1" |
1-1/4" |
1-1/2" |
2" |
2-1/2"
to 3" |
4" |
5"
|
6" |
8"
to 10"
|
12"
to 16" |
18"
to 24" |
|
Darcy
Friction Factor |
0.027 |
0.025 |
0.023 |
0.022 |
0.021 |
0.019 |
0.018 |
0.017 |
0.016 |
0.015 |
0.014 |
0.013 |
0.012 |
Basic or Typical Unit Conversions
(Basic unit conversions are in Bold)
Length or Distance
|
1 |
Angstrom |
= |
10-10 |
m |
|
1 |
micron |
= |
10-6 |
m |
|
1 |
mil |
= |
10-3 |
inch (for corrosion
measurement) |
|
1 |
mil |
= |
25.4 |
micron |
|
1 |
inch |
= |
2.54 |
cm |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
inch |
= |
25.4 |
mm |
|
1 |
ft |
= |
0.3048 |
m |
|
1 |
ft |
= |
304.8 |
mm |
|
3.28084 |
ft |
= |
1 |
m |
|
1 |
mile (Statute) |
= |
1.6093 |
km |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
mile (Statute) |
= |
5,280 |
ft |
|
1.1516 |
mile (Statute) |
= |
1 |
mile (Nautical) |
|
1 |
nm, nanometer |
= |
10-9 |
m |
Area
|
1 |
acre |
= |
43,560 |
ft2 |
|
1 |
hectare |
= |
10,000 |
m2 |
|
1 |
acre |
= |
0.40469 |
hectare |
|
1 |
acre |
= |
4046.9 |
m2 |
Volume
|
35.3147 |
ft3 |
= |
1 |
m3 |
|
6.2898 |
barrel |
= |
1 |
m3 |
|
1 |
liter |
= |
0.001 |
m3 |
|
1 |
liter |
= |
1,000 |
cm3 |
|
1 |
barrel |
= |
42 |
US gallon |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
231 |
inch3 |
= |
1 |
US gallon |
|
4 |
quart |
= |
1 |
US gallon |
|
3.78533 |
liter |
= |
1 |
US gallon |
|
1.20095 |
US gallon |
= |
1 |
Imperial gallon |
|
1 |
ft3 |
= |
7.48052 |
US gallon |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
fluid oz |
= |
1 |
quart |
|
37.3245 |
scf (1 atm, 60oF) |
= |
1 |
Nm3 (1 atm, 0oC) |
|
1 |
acre-ft |
= |
43,560 |
ft3 |
Velocity
|
1 |
fps or ft/sec |
= |
0.3048 |
m/s |
|
1 |
fps or ft/sec |
= |
0.68182 |
mph or mile/hr |
|
1 |
fps or ft/sec |
= |
1.097 |
km/h |
|
1 |
knot (nau. mile/hr) |
= |
1.852 |
km/h |
Volumetric flow
|
1 |
cfm or ft3/min. |
= |
1.699 |
m3/h |
|
4.4029 |
US gpm |
= |
1 |
m3/h |
|
1 |
MMcfd or 106cfd |
= |
1179.9 |
m3/h |
|
35.3147 |
Bcfy or 109cfy |
= |
1 |
Bm3/y |
|
1,000 |
bpd or
barrel/day |
= |
6.6244 |
m3/h |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
bpd or
barrel/day |
= |
1.75 |
USgph or USgal/hr |
|
1 |
bpd or
barrel/day |
= |
0.0292 |
USgpm or USgal/min |
|
1 |
USgpm or USgal/min |
= |
3.7854 |
lpm or liter/min |
|
1.20095 |
USgpm or USgal/min |
= |
1 |
Imperial (UK) gpm |
|
1 |
USgpm or USgal/min |
= |
5451 |
liter/day |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
24,000 |
liter/day |
= |
1 |
m3/h |
|
1 |
liter/min |
= |
0.06 |
m3/h |
|
1 |
liter/s |
= |
3.6 |
m3/h |
Mass
|
2.20462262 |
lb |
= |
1 |
kg |
|
2,000 |
lb |
= |
1 |
short ton or net ton |
|
2,240 |
lb |
= |
1 |
long ton or gross ton |
|
2204.62262 |
lb |
= |
1 |
metric ton or tonne |
|
1 |
lb |
= |
7,000 |
grain |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1,000 |
kg |
= |
1 |
metric ton or tonne |
|
1 |
long ton |
= |
1.12 |
short ton |
Density
|
62.428 |
lb/ft3 |
= |
1 |
g/cm3 or g/cc |
|
62.428 |
lb/ft3 |
= |
1,000 |
kg/m3 |
|
1 |
metric tom/m3 |
= |
1 |
g/cm3 or g/cc |
|
1,000 |
kg/m3 |
= |
1 |
g/cm3 or g/cc |
Specific Gravity
|
1 |
Sp. Gr. (water = 1) |
= |
0.999051 |
g/cm3 (@60oF) |
|
1 |
Sp. Gr. (water =
1) |
= |
62.3688 |
lb/ft3 (@60oF) |
|
1 |
Sp. Gr. (air =
1) |
= |
0.00122 |
g/cm3 (@60oF) |
|
1 |
Sp. Gr. (air = 1) |
= |
0.0764 |
lb/ft3 (@60oF) |
Mass/Volumetric Flow Rate
|
1 |
bpd (@ 1 Sp. Gr.) |
= |
0.159 |
tonne/day |
|
17,232 |
bpd (@ 1 Sp.
Gr.) |
= |
1,000,000 |
tonne/year (@ 365 days/yr.) |
|
1 |
USgpm (@ 1 Sp. Gr.) |
= |
500.76 |
lb/hr |
Pressure
|
1 |
bar |
= |
1,000,000 |
dyne/cm2 |
|
1 |
bar |
= |
100,000 |
Pa or Pascal |
|
1 |
bar |
= |
100,000 |
Newton/m2 |
|
1 |
bar |
= |
100 |
kPa |
|
10 |
bar |
= |
1 |
MPa |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1.01325 |
bar |
= |
1 |
atm |
|
1 |
Pa
or Pascal |
= |
1 |
Newton/m2 |
|
1 |
Pa
or Pascal |
= |
10 |
dyne/cm2 |
|
133.32 |
Pa
or Pascal |
= |
1 |
torr |
|
1.01325x106 |
dyne/cm2 |
= |
1 |
atm |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1.0332 |
kg/cm2 |
= |
1 |
atm |
|
33.9 |
ft H2O
@ 39.2oF |
= |
1 |
atm |
|
10.332 |
m H2O
@ 39.2oF |
= |
1 |
atm |
|
10332 |
mm H2O
@ 39.2oF |
= |
1 |
atm |
|
14.6959 |
psi |
= |
1 |
atm |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
14.5037 |
psi |
= |
1 |
bar |
|
0.0145037 |
psi |
= |
1 |
mbar |
|
14.2232 |
psi |
= |
1 |
kg/cm2 |
|
0.145037 |
psi |
= |
1 |
kPa |
|
1 |
psi |
= |
6.8947 |
kPa |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
145.037 |
psi |
= |
1 |
Mpa |
|
1 |
psi |
= |
2.3 |
ft H2O @ 39.2oF |
|
1 |
psi |
= |
27.673 |
inch H2O @ 39.2oF |
|
1 |
psi |
= |
2.036 |
inch Hg @ 32oF |
|
0.1 |
psi |
= |
5.1715 |
mm Hg @ 0oC |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.6959 |
psi |
= |
760 |
mm Hg @ 0oC |
|
1 |
torr |
= |
1 |
mm Hg @ 0oC |
|
760 |
torr |
= |
1 |
atm |
|
1 |
psi/1000ft |
= |
2.2621 |
kPa/100m |
|
10 |
Pa/m |
= |
1 |
kPa/100m |
Temperature Difference
|
1.8 |
oF |
= |
1 |
oC |
|
1.8 |
oR |
= |
1 |
oK |
|
1.0 |
oK |
= |
1 |
oC |
|
1.0 |
oR |
= |
1 |
oF |
Viscosity
|
0.01 |
poise |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
|
0.01 |
(dyne)(sec)/cm2 |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
|
0.000672 |
lb/ft/sec |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
|
2.42 |
lb/ft/hr |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
|
3.6 |
kg/m/h |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
g/cm/s |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
|
0.001 |
g/mm/s |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
|
1 |
cSt or
centistoke |
= |
0.01 |
St or stoke |
|
1 |
cSt or
centistoke |
= |
1 |
mm2/s |
|
1 |
cSt or
centistoke |
= |
0.01 |
cm2/s |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
cSt or
centistoke |
= |
0.000001 (=10-6) |
m2/s |
|
1 |
cSt or
centistoke |
= |
0.00001076 |
ft2/sec |
|
0.001076 |
ft2/sec |
= |
1 |
cm2/s |
|
1 |
(Pa)(s) |
= |
1,000 |
cP or centipoise |
|
1 |
(mPa)(s) |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
14.5037x10-8 |
(psi)(sec) |
= |
1 |
cP or centipoise |
|
1 |
(dyne)(sec)/cm2 |
= |
1 |
poise |
Heat, Work, or Energy
|
1 |
(Newton)(m) |
= |
1 |
J or Joule |
|
1 |
cal
Thermalchemical |
= |
4.184 |
J or Joule |
|
252 |
cal
Thermalchemical |
= |
1 |
Btu
International Table |
|
1 |
kWh |
= |
3412.2 |
Btu
International Table |
|
1 |
kWh |
= |
860 |
kcal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
kWh |
= |
3600 |
kJ |
|
1 |
therm |
= |
100,000 (=105) |
Btu |
|
1055.05585262 |
J or Joule |
= |
1 |
Btu
International Table |
|
1 |
cal International
Table |
= |
4.1868 |
J or Joule |
Heat Content
|
1 |
Btu/lb
International Table |
= |
2.326 |
kJ/kg |
|
1 |
Btu/lb
International Table |
= |
0.5559 |
kcal/kg
Thermalchemical |
|
1 |
Btu/scf
International Table |
= |
39.3807 |
kJ/Nm3 |
Surface Tension
|
0.88x10-7 |
Btu/ft2 |
= |
1 |
dyne/cm |
|
0.0000688523 |
lbf/ft |
= |
1 |
dyne/cm |
|
0.001 |
Newton/m |
= |
1 |
dyne/cm |
Heat Capacity
|
1 |
Btu/lbmol/oF
International Table |
= |
1.000669 |
kcal/kgmol/oC
Thermalchemical |
|
1 |
Btu/lbmol/oF
International Table |
= |
1.000669 |
cal/gmol/oC
Thermalchemical |
|
1 |
Btu/lb/oF
International Table |
= |
1.000669 |
kcal/kg/oC
Thermalchemical |
|
1 |
Btu/lb/oF
International Table |
= |
1.000669 |
cal/g/oC
Thermalchemical |
|
1 |
Btu/lb/oF
International Table |
= |
1.163 |
Wh/kg/oC |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Btu/lb/oF
International Table |
= |
4.1868 |
kJ/kg/oC |
Heat Flux
|
100 |
Btu/hr/ft2
International Table |
= |
271.2 |
kcal/h/m2
Thermalchemical |
|
100 |
Btu/hr/ft2
International Table |
= |
315.4 |
W/m2 |
Heat Transfer Coefficient
|
100 |
Btu/hr/ft2/oF
International Table |
= |
488.57 |
kcal/h/m2/oC
Thermalchemical |
|
100 |
Btu/hr/ft2/oF
International Table |
= |
567.8 |
W/m2/oC |
Fouling Resistance
|
0.001 |
(hr)(ft2)(oF)/Btu
International
Table |
= |
0.000208 |
(h)(m2)/(oC)/kcal
Thermalchemical |
Power, Heat Flow, or Duty
|
1 |
mech. hp |
= |
0.7457 |
kW |
|
1 |
mech. hp |
= |
2544.5 |
Btu/hr International
Table |
|
1 |
mech. hp |
= |
550 |
ft-lbf/sec |
|
1 |
Watt |
= |
1 |
J/s |
|
1 |
kW |
= |
3,600,000 |
J/h |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
kW |
= |
3,600 |
kW/h |
|
1 |
kW |
= |
3412.2 |
Btu/hr International
Table |
|
1,341 |
mech, hp |
= |
1 |
MW or Mega Watt |
|
1 |
MM (106)
Btu/hr |
= |
1.055 |
GJ/h or Giga (109)
J/h |
|
1.05505585262 |
kJ/h |
= |
1 |
Btu/hr
International Table |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
0.252 |
kcal/h
Thermalchemical |
= |
1 |
Btu/hr
International Table |
|
1 |
kcal/h
Thermalchemical |
= |
3.9683 |
Btu/hr
International Table |
|
1 |
ton
refrigeration |
= |
3.5168 |
kW |
|
1 |
ton refrigeration |
= |
12,000 |
Btu/hr
International Table |
Thermal Conductivity
|
1 |
Btu/hr/ft2/(oF/ft) |
= |
1.488 |
kcal/h/m2/(oC/m) |
|
1 |
Btu/hr/ft2/(oF/ft) |
= |
12 |
Btu/hr/ft2/(oF/inch) |
|
1 |
Btu/hr/ft2/(oF/ft) |
= |
1.73 |
W/m/oC |
Gas Molar Volume
|
1 |
lb mole |
= |
379.5 |
scf (1 atm, 60oF) |
|
1 |
lb mole |
= |
359 |
ft3 (1 atm, 32oF) |
|
1 |
g mole |
= |
22.414 |
liter (1 atm, 0oC) |
|
1 |
kg mole |
= |
22.414 |
Nm3 (1 atm, 0oC) |
Newtonian Incompressible Isothermal Flow
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Although in actuality many
non-Newtonian fluids are formed with multiphase mixtures, such
as slurries or liquid-liquid dispersions, they can be treated
as a single phase homogeneous flow from a fluid mechanics
viewpoint. For the purpose of presenting a computer-aided
engineering design tool for practicing engineers to handle
fluid hydraulics as part of their effort in equipment sizing,
the non-Newtonian fluids covered here are considered as
homogeneous with their respective flow behavior. Common
rheological models that are used to approximate the flow
behavior include:
|
Model |
Characteristics |
Typical systems that model had
applied |
|
Bingham plastic |
Newtonian with yield stress |
fine suspensions, pastes, paint systems or some asphalts |
|
Power law |
shear-thinning |
suspensions of high solid concentrations |
|
Yield-power Law |
shear-thinning with yield stress |
clay water suspensions, drilling mud slurries, or cement
slurries of various compositions |
Rheological Models for Non-Newtonian
Fluids
Bingham Plastic Model
Power Law Model
Yield-Power Law Model
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